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Our custom today is not to make a separate bracha on the tallis kattan (in the morning) and to exempt based upon reiting the bracha on the tallis gadol. The Mishna Berurah (24) writes that one should also have kavanna for the tallis kattan when making the bracha on the tallis gadol. The Aishel Avraham adds that you may (once in your life) make your intention known that whenever you make the bracha on the tallis gadol you are including the tallis kattan with your bracha. 

The Shulchan Aruch writes that if one dons his tallis kattan in the restroom, where a bracha is not recited, he should put it on without a bracha and once he has left the bathroom and washed his hands, should move about the strings (ימשמש בציצית) and make a bracha at that time. While the general rule is that mitzvos need to be done prior to reciting the Baracha over the mitzvah, readjusting the tzitzis is somewhat considered as if you are putting the garment on. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Igros Moshe O”C 4:7) writes that by moving the strings as a היכר, remberance of the mitzvah, the bracha can apply to the act of continuing to wear the tzitzis. 

The mitzvah of tzitzis is a mitzvah on the person, in so much so, that whenever one wears a four cornered garment, it needs to have tzitzis. The Levush writes this is implied from the pasuk “ועשו להם ציצית על כנפי בגדיהם” the word בגדיהם, bigdeihem, is plural, implying that one can have a number of garments that are simultaneously obligated in tzitzis.

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